By Dr. Pavan Yadav, Lead Consultant - Interventional Pulmonology & Lung Transplantation, Aster RV Hospital

During the change of weather, especially during winters, people do catch different diseases like cold, cough, and fever. In most of these cases, the mere disease is flu, but some people develop pneumonia afterward as a secondary infection. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), pneumonia claims the lives of approximately 700,000 children worldwide each year, with countless more affected.

India bears one of the highest rates of pneumonia deaths globally, despite the condition being largely preventable and treatable. Pneumonia occurs when pathogens – including bacteria, viruses, or fungi – enter the lungs and cause infection. This infection leads to the filling of lung air sacs (alveoli) with fluid or pus, leading to coughing, fever, difficulty in breathing, chest pain, and, in severe cases, respiratory failure. Among the most common culprits are the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, and viruses like the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza.

Who is at risk?

Certain groups are at a heightened risk of developing pneumonia, including:

•Children under five years of age, whose immune systems are still developing.

 •Elderly individuals whose immune function may decline with age.

  •People with chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or chronic respiratory illnesses, which weaken the body’s defences.

  •Immuno-compromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy.

 •Individuals exposed to high levels of air pollution or second-hand smoke, a particularly pertinent issue in India’s urban areas.

Symptoms

One of the critical aspects of combating pneumonia is early detection. Pneumonia symptoms can initially resemble those of a common cold or flu, leading to delays in seeking treatment. However, knowing the warning signs can make a significant difference. 

Key symptoms include:

   •Persistent cough, often producing phlegm or mucus

   •Fever and chills

   •Rapid or laboured breathing

   •Chest pain when coughing or breathing

  •Fatigue, loss of appetite, and confusion, especially in older adults

When symptoms persist or worsen, prompt medical consultation is essential to ensure timely treatment. 

Precautions to Reduce Pneumonia Risk

 Vaccination: It is a crucial tool in preventing pneumonia, with key vaccines recommended by the WHO and Indian health authorities. The Pneumococcal Vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, significantly reducing pneumonia cases in children and the elderly. The Influenza Vaccine lowers the risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia by preventing flu-related lung vulnerability. Additionally, the Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib) Vaccine, included in childhood immunization schedules, effectively prevents pneumonia in young children. Increased access to these vaccines in India is helping curb pneumonia incidence.

In addition to vaccines, there are several precautionary measures individuals can adopt to lower the risk of contracting pneumonia, especially during the colder months when respiratory infections are more prevalent, such as:

 •Good Hygiene Practices: Regular handwashing, covering one’s mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals are simple but effective ways to prevent respiratory infections.

 •Healthy Lifestyle: A balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep help boost the immune system, making the body more resilient against infections. 

 •Avoid Smoking: Smoking damages the lungs’ natural defence mechanisms, making them more susceptible to infections. Avoiding tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke is crucial for lung health.

 •Air Quality Awareness: Given India’s high levels of air pollution, particularly in urban centres, individuals should minimise outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Using air purifiers indoors and wearing masks when pollution levels are high can provide additional protection. 

   •Immediate Medical Attention for Respiratory Symptoms: Pneumonia can escalate rapidly, particularly among vulnerable populations. Seeking medical attention at the onset of severe respiratory symptoms can lead to early intervention, preventing complications.